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March 2, 2025
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Multi-factor, multi-country testing of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem without factor price equalization: A critical view

Publicated to:Structural Change And Economic Dynamics. 73 354-367 - 2025-06-01 73(), DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2025.02.002

Authors: Lopez, J

Affiliations

Tech Univ Madrid, Sch Civil Engn, 3 Prof Aranguren St, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author

Abstract

Several recent empirical studies conclude that there is evidence in favour of a version of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem that dispenses with the assumption of factor price equalization. However, many of these studies base their conclusions on small data sets, relating to one or two factors and a not very high level of disaggregation by industry. Moreover, the studies do not always take into account international differences in factor efficiency. In the present study, the Heckscher-Ohlin model is tested by considering data available in the World Input-Output Database (2016 release) for 7 factors, 56 industries and 40 countries plus a composite 'country' comprising the rest of the world, and by measuring factor use in efficiency units. Analysing this data sample, it is found that the capital and skill content of trade is only weakly correlated with countries' factor abundance. This correlation is weaker when international differences in factor use are adjusted for relative factor efficiency and when the level of industry disaggregation increases. Paradoxically, this is not the case for the energy and emissions content of trade.

Keywords

Factor content of tradeFactor price equalizatioFactor price equalizationFactor proportionsFactor-endowmentsHeckscher-ohlin-vanek theoremInternational-tradeLeontieWorld input-output tables

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Structural Change And Economic Dynamics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 43/617, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Economics. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-09-23:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 7.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 7 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 3.
  • The number of mentions on Wikipedia: 2 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/90476/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 28
  • Downloads: 3

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (RODRIGUEZ LIBOREIRO, PABLO) and Last Author (Lopez, J).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Lopez, J.