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Herrero-Encinas JAuthor

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July 3, 2023
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Effect of supplementation of vitamin D3 or vitamin D2 on serum concentrations of free and total 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the expression of genes involved in immune function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of weaned pigs

Publicated to:Archives Of Animal Nutrition. 77 (3): 228-244 - 2023-05-04 77(3), DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2023.2219176

Authors: Grundmann, SM; Herrero-Encinas, J; Most, E; Piecha, AM; Krüger, K; Eder, K

Affiliations

Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Inst Anim Nutr & Nutr Physiol, Giessen, Germany - Author
Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Inst Sports Sci, Giessen, Germany - Author
Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Agron, Dept Prod Agr, Ciudad Univ, Madrid, Spain - Author
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Author
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Abstract

The present study aimed to compare the effects of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation on concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D in plasma and the expression of genes involved in the innate immune system in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in weaned pigs. Five groups of pigs (with an initial body weight of around 9 kg) received basal diets supplemented with either 500 (control group), 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D3/kg diet or 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D2/kg diet for a period of 4 weeks. Vitamin D supplementation did not influence feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, apparent total tract digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, and serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphate and parathyroid hormone. Supplementation of vitamin D3 led to a dose-dependent increase of the concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D in serum. In contrast, pigs supplemented with 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D2/kg diet did not have higher concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D in serum than the control group. The ratio of free/total 25(OH)D in serum was not influenced by vitamin D3 supplementation, whereas the group supplemented with 2000 IU vitamin D2/kg diet had a higher free/total 25(OH)D ratio than the groups supplemented with 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D3/kg diet. Genes involved in vitamin D signalling (CYP27B1, VDR), as well as pro-inflammatory and immune regulatory genes (TLR4, TNF, IL1B and TGFB1) and genes encoding porcine protegrins (NPG1, NPG4), proteins belonging to the group of antimicrobial peptides, in PBMC were not different among groups supplemented with vitamin D3 or vitamin D2 and the control group. Therefore, the study indicates that supplementation of vitamin D2 causes much lower levels of total 25(OH)D than supplementation of vitamin D3 and that supplementation of vitamins D2 or D3 at moderate levels does not have an impact on the innate immune function in healthy pigs.

Keywords

immune functionperipheral blood mononuclear cellsvitamin d-2vitamin d-3Animal feedAnimalsBody weightCalcifediolCalciumCholecalciferolDietDietary supplementsDiseaseImmune functionImmunityLeukocytes, mononuclearPeripheral blood mononuclear cellsPigSwineVitamin dVitamin d 2Vitamin d 3Vitamin d2Vitamin d3

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Archives Of Animal Nutrition due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position 20/80, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2025-07-15:

  • WoS: 1
  • Scopus: 1

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-15:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 8 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/86466/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 73
  • Downloads: 5

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Germany.