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Analysis of institutional authors

Calvo Córdoba ACorresponding AuthorGarcía Cena CeAuthor

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October 23, 2023
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Automatic Video-Oculography System for Detection of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Using Machine Learning Tools

Publicated to: SENSORS. 23 (19): 8073- - 2023-10-01 23(19), DOI: 10.3390/s23198073

Authors:

Calvo Cordoba, Alberto; Garcia Cena, Cecilia E; Montoliu, Carmina
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Affiliations

Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria y Diseno Industrial - Author
Hosp Clin Valencia, Serv Med Digest, Valencia, Spain - Author
Inst Invest Sanitaria, INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain - Author
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Para la Investigación del Hospital Clínico de Valencia - INCLIVA , Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn & Diseno Ind, Ctr Automat & Robot, UPM,CSIC, Ronda Valencia 3, Madrid 28012, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind, Ctr Automat & Robot, UPM,CSIC, Jose Gutierrez Abascal St 2, Madrid 28006, Spain - Author
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Author
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Abstract

This article presents an automatic gaze-tracker system to assist in the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy by analyzing eye movements with machine learning tools. To record eye movements, we used video-oculography technology and developed automatic feature-extraction software as well as a machine learning algorithm to assist clinicians in the diagnosis. In order to validate the procedure, we selected a sample ((Formula presented.)) of cirrhotic patients. Approximately half of them were diagnosed with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), a common neurological impairment in patients with liver disease. By using the actual gold standard, the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score battery, PHES, patients were classified into two groups: cirrhotic patients with MHE and those without MHE. Eye movement tests were carried out on all participants. Using classical statistical concepts, we analyzed the significance of 150 eye movement features, and the most relevant (p-values ≤ 0.05) were selected for training machine learning algorithms. To summarize, while the PHES battery is a time-consuming exploration (between 25–40 min per patient), requiring expert training and not amenable to longitudinal analysis, the automatic video oculography is a simple test that takes between 7 and 10 min per patient and has a sensitivity and a specificity of 93%.
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Keywords

automatic video-oculography systembrain functionalitycirrhosisdiagnosismedical applicationsperformancepursuit eye-movementsAutomatic video-oculography systemBrain functionalityDiagnosisDorsolateral prefrontal cortexHepatic encephalopathyHumansLiver cirrhosisMachine learningMedical applicationsPsychometrics

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal SENSORS due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Instrumentation.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.46. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.05 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-26, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 8
  • Scopus: 8
  • Europe PMC: 5
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-26:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 13 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
    • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/85312/

    As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

    • Views: 142
    • Downloads: 24
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    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (CALVO CORDOBA, ALBERTO) .

    the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been CALVO CORDOBA, ALBERTO.

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