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February 13, 2024
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Article

Quality of urban climate adaptation plans over time

Publicated to: Npj Urban Sustainability. 3 (1): 13- - 2023-03-03 3(1), DOI: 10.1038/s42949-023-00085-1

Authors:

Reckien, Diana; Buzasi, Attila; Olazabal, Marta; Spyridaki, Niki-Artemis; Eckersley, Peter; Simoes, Sofia G; Salvia, Monica; Pietrapertosa, Filomena; Fokaides, Paris; Goonesekera, Sascha M; Tardieu, Lea; Balzan, Mario V; de Boer, Cheryl L; De Gregorio Hurtado, Sonia; Feliu, Efren; Flamos, Alexandros; Foley, Aoife; Geneletti, Davide; Grafakos, Stelios; Heidrich, Oliver; Ioannou, Byron; Krook-Riekkola, Anna; Matosovic, Marko; Orru, Hans; Orru, Kati; Paspaldzhiev, Ivan; Riznar, Klavdija; Smigaj, Magdalena; Szalmane Csete, Maria; Viguie, Vincent; Wejs, Anja
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Affiliations

Aalborg Univ, Dept Planning, Rendsburggade 14, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark - Author
Basque Fdn Sci, IKERBASQUE, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain - Author
Basque Res & Technol Alliance BRTA, TECNALIA, Edificio 700,Parque Tecnol Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Spain - Author
Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Dept Environm Econ & Sustainabil, Muegyetem Rkp 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary - Author
Denkstatt Bulgaria Ltd, 4-6 Luybata St,Fl 5, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria - Author
Frederick Univ, Sch Engn, 7 Frederickou Str, CY-1036 Nicosia, Cyprus - Author
Global Green Growth Inst GGG, GGG European Liaison Off, 9-10 Csaloganyutca, H-1027 Budapest, Hungary - Author
KBIC, Ecostack Innovat, PLA3000, Paola PLA3000, Malta - Author
Leibniz Inst Res Soc & Space, Flakenstr 29-31, D-15537 Erkner, Germany - Author
Lulea Univ Technol, Dept Engn Sci & Math, S-97187 Lulea, Sweden - Author
Malta Coll Arts Sci & Technol, Inst Appl Sci, PLA9032, Paola, Malta - Author
Metroeconom, Colon Larreategui, Colon Larreategui 26 1, Bilbao 48009, Bizkaia, Spain - Author
Natl Biodivers Future Ctr, NBFC, I-90133 Palermo, Italy - Author
Natl Energy Lab Portugal LNEG, Unit Resource Econ, Estr Portela,Bairro Zambujal Ap 7586, P-2720999 Amadora, Portugal - Author
Natl Res Council Italy, Inst Methodol Environm Anal, Cda S Loja, I-85050 Tito, PZ, Italy - Author
Newcastle Univ, Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res, Sch Engn, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England - Author
NIRAS AS, Ostre Havnegade 12, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark - Author
Nottingham Trent Univ, 50 Shakespeare St, Nottingham NG1 4FP, England - Author
Parque Cient UPV EHU, Basque Ctr Climate Change BC3, Edificio Sede 1,Planta 1,Barrio Sarriena S-N, Leioa 48940, Spain - Author
PricewaterhouseCoopers Savjetovanje Doo, Heinzelova 70, Zagreb 10000, Croatia - Author
Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Belfast BT9 5AH, North Ireland - Author
SRC Bistra Ptuj, Slovenski Trg 6, Ptuj 2250, Slovenia - Author
Tecnalia Res & Innovat, Energy Climate & Urban Transit Unit, Edificio 700, Parque Tecnol Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Spain - Author
Umea Univ, Dept Publ Hlth & Clin Med, Univ 901, S-90187 Umea, Sweden - Author
Univ Manchester, Sch Engn, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, England - Author
Univ Montpellier, TETIS, INRAE, AgroParisTech,CIRAD,CNRS, 500 Rue Jean Francois Breton, F-34000 Montpellier, France - Author
Univ Paris Saclay, Ecole Ponts, CIRED, AgroParisTech,EHESS,CIRAD,CNRS, Nogent Sur Marne, France - Author
Univ Piraeus, Dept Ind Management & Technol, Technoecon Energy Syst Lab TEESlab, Karaoli & Dimitriou 80, Piraeus 18534, Greece - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Architecture, Dept Urban & Spatial Planning, Ave Juan Herrera 4, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Univ Tartu, Inst Family Med & Publ Hlth, Ravila 19, EE-51007 Tartu, Estonia - Author
Univ Tartu, Inst Social Studies, Lossi 36, EE-50090 Tartu, Estonia - Author
Univ Trento, Dept Civil Environm & Mech Engn, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy - Author
Univ Twente, Fac Geoinformat Sci & Earth Observat, Dept Urban & Reg Planning & Geoinformat Managemen, Hengelosestr 99, NL-7514 AE Enschede, Netherlands - Author
Wagenigen Univ & Res, Lab Geoinformat Sci & Remote Sensing, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands - Author
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Abstract

Defining and measuring progress in adaptation are important questions for climate adaptation science, policy, and practice. Here, we assess the progress of urban adaptation planning in 327 European cities between 2005 and 2020 using three 'ADAptation plan Quality Assessment' indices, called ADAQA-1/ 2/ 3, that combine six plan quality principles. Half of the cities have an adaptation plan and its quality significantly increased over time. However, generally, plan quality is still low in many cities. Participation and monitoring and evaluation are particularly weak aspects in urban adaptation policy, together with plan 'consistency'. Consistency connects impacts and vulnerabilities with adaptation goals, planned measures, actions, monitoring and evaluation, and participation processes. Consistency is a key factor in the overall quality of plans. To help evaluate the quality of plans and policies and promote learning, we suggest incorporating our ADAptation plan Quality Assessment indices into the portfolio of adaptation progress assessments and tracking methodologies.
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Keywords

CitiesEquityKnowledgePolicy

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Npj Urban Sustainability due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position 1/77, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Urban Studies. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 12.26. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 12.55 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-12-21, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 63
  • Scopus: 69
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-12-21:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 126.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 127 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 193.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 29 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions in news outlets: 19 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Malt; Netherlands; Portugal; Slovenia; Sweden; United Kingdom.

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Awards linked to the item

This work would not have been possible without the collaboration of many fellow researchers that helped to compile and analyze urban climate plans of the cities in the data sample. This collaboration runs under the name EURO-LCP Initiative (www.lcp-initiative.eu). We thank all members of the EURO-LCP Initiative for their fruitful collaboration over the years, in particular those members that are not co-authors of this paper: Jon Marco Church; Sergiu Vasilie; Natasa Belsak Sel; Eva Streberova; Corinna Altenburg; Viera Bastakova; lana Coste and Eliska Lorencova. Thanks also go to Nikolas Afxentiou, who helped developing the Climate Change Adaptation Scoring tool (https://www.lcp-initiative.eu/climate-change-scoring-tool/). DR's work is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101019707 (2021-2024), No. 101036458 (2021-2025), and a JPI Urban Europe Grant, funded by NWO grant agreement No. 438.21.445 (2022-2025). MO's research is supported by Maria de Maeztu excellence accreditation 2018-2022 (Ref. MDM-2017-0714), funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/; and by the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 programme. The work of MS and FP is supported by the National Biodiversity Future Centre 2022-2025 (id. code CN000033), funded by the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR Mission 4, Component 2, Investment 1.4).
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