July 28, 2024
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Review

Virus-like Particles as Vaccines for Allergen-Specific Therapy: An Overview of Current Developments

Publicated to: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES. 25 (13): 7429- - 2024-07-01 25(13), DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137429

Authors:

Berreiros-Hortala, H; Vilchez-Pinto, G; Diaz-Perales, A; Garrido-Arandia, M; Tome-Amat, J
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Affiliations

Univ Politecn Madrid UPM, Ctr Biotecnol & Genom Plantas, Inst Nacl Invest & Tecnol Agr & Alimentaria INIA C, Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo De Alarcon 28223, Madrid, Spain - Author
UPM, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Agron Alimentaria & Biosis, Dept Biotecnol Biol Vegetal, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author

Abstract

Immune engineering and modulation are the basis of a novel but powerful tool to treat immune diseases using virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs are formed by the viral capsid without genetic material making them non-infective. However, they offer a wide variety of possibilities as antigen-presenting platforms, resulting in high immunogenicity and high efficacy in immune modulation, with low allergenicity. Both animal and plant viruses are being studied for use in the treatment of food allergies. These formulations are combined with adjuvants, T-stimulatory epitopes, TLR ligands, and other immune modulators to modulate or enhance the immune response toward the presented allergen. Here, the authors present an overview of VLP production systems, their immune modulation capabilities, and the applicability of actual VLP-based formulations targeting allergic diseases.
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Keywords

Adjuvants, immunologicAllergAllergensAllergyAnimalsClinical-efficacyFood allergyFood hypersensitivityHumansHypersensitivityImmune-responsesImmunogenicityImmunotherapyMosaic-virusNanoparticlesProteinTherapyTlr9 agonistVaccinatioVaccines, virus-like particleVirus-like particles

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2024 there are still no calculated indicators, but in 2023, it was in position 72/320, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Biochemistry & Molecular Biology.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2026-04-27:

  • WoS: 3
  • Scopus: 3
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-27:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 16.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 16 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/89587/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 115
  • Downloads: 60
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (BERREIROS HORTALA, HELENA) and Last Author (TOME AMAT, JAIME MARIA).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been TOME AMAT, JAIME MARIA.

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Awards linked to the item

G.V.-P. was financially supported by CEX2020-000999-S, funded by MICINN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and the grant PRE2021-100446, funded by MICINN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by FSE+. This work was supported and funded by the LISENTRA project: PID2020-113629RB-I00.
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