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Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Analysis of institutional authors

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February 9, 2025
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Article

Comparative Study of Iminodibenzyl and Diphenylamine Derivatives as Hole Transport Materials in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Publicated to: CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL. 31 (13): e202404251- - 2025-03-03 31(13), DOI: 10.1002/chem.202404251

Authors:

Caicedo-Reina, M; Rocha-Ortiz, JS; Wu, JC; Bornschlegl, AJ; Leon, S; Barabash, A; Perea, JD; Wang, YN; Arango-Marín, V; Ortiz, A; Lüer, L; Hauch, JA; Insuasty, B; Brabec, CJ
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Affiliations

Forschungszentrum Julich, Helmholtz Inst Erlangen Nurnberg HI ERN, Dept High Throughput Methods Photovolta, Immerwahrstr 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany - Author
Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Mat Elect & Energy Technol I MEET, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Martensstr 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany - Author
Univ ICESI, Dept Biochem Engn, Calle 18 22-135, Cali 760031, Colombia - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, ETSIIM, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain - Author
Univ Valle, Dept Chem, Grp Invest Comp Heterocicl, Calle 13 100-00, Cali 760032, Colombia - Author
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Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently achieved over 26 % power conversion efficiency, challenging the dominance of silicon-based alternatives. This progress is significantly driven by innovations in hole transport materials (HTMs), which notably influence the efficiency and stability of PSCs. However, conventional organic HTMs like Spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA, although highly efficient, suffer from thermal degradation, moisture ingress, and high cost. This study explores the potential of iminodibenzyl, a moiety known for its strong electron-donating capabilities in pharmaceutical applications, as a novel HTM. A series of fluorene-based derivatives incorporating iminodibenzyl (TMF-2 and TDF-2) and diphenylamine (TMF-1 and TDF-1) units were synthesized and characterized. The new HTMs demonstrated commendable optical, electrochemical, and thermal properties, as well as enhanced photostability. Among them, TDF-2 achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.38 %, the highest of the new materials. Although these efficiencies are slightly lower than the benchmark PTAA (20.20 %), the study underscores the potential of iminodibenzyl to enhance photostability and increase HOMO levels, making it a promising candidate for future HTM development in PSCs.
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Keywords

Affordable and clean energyArticleBenchmarkingComparative studyComparatives studiesControlled studyDiphenylamineDiphenylamine derivativeDiphenylamine derivativesDyeEfficientErythromycinFluoreneFluorene based derivativesFluorene-based derivativesHalide perovskitesHole transport materialsIminodibenzylIndium alloysLayersMoistureNanocompositesOrganic hole transport materialsPerovskitePerovskite solar cellPerovskite solar cellsPhoto-stabilityPhotostabilityPower conversion efficienciesSiliconSilicon-basedSolar cellThermal degradation'

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Organic Chemistry.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2026-03-17:

  • WoS: 3
  • Scopus: 3
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-03-17:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 1.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 1 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/94245/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 20
  • Downloads: 3
Continuing with the social impact of the work, it is important to emphasize that, due to its content, it can be assigned to the area of interest of ODS 7 - Affordable and clean energy, with a probability of 65% according to the mBERT algorithm developed by Aurora University.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Colombia; Germany.

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Project objectives

La aportación persigue los siguientes objetivos: analizar el desempeño de derivados de iminodibenzil y difenilamina como materiales de transporte de huecos (HTMs) en células solares de perovskita invertidas; sintetizar y caracterizar una serie de derivados basados en fluoreno que incorporan unidades de iminodibenzil (TMF-2 y TDF-2) y difenilamina (TMF-1 y TDF-1); evaluar las propiedades ópticas, electroquímicas y térmicas de los nuevos HTMs; determinar la eficiencia de conversión de potencia (PCE) alcanzada por estos materiales, destacando el 19.38 % logrado por TDF-2; comparar estas eficiencias con el estándar PTAA (20.20 %); y valorar el potencial del iminodibenzil para mejorar la fotostabilidad y aumentar los niveles HOMO en PSCs.
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Most relevant results

El estudio presenta una comparación detallada de derivados de iminodibenzyl y diphenylamine como materiales de transporte de huecos en células solares de perovskita invertidas. Los resultados más relevantes son: (1) se sintetizaron y caracterizaron derivados fluoreno con unidades de iminodibenzyl (TMF-2 y TDF-2) y diphenylamine (TMF-1 y TDF-1) con propiedades ópticas, electroquímicas y térmicas favorables; (2) los nuevos HTMs mostraron una fotostabilidad mejorada respecto a materiales convencionales; (3) el compuesto TDF-2 alcanzó una eficiencia de conversión de potencia del 19,38 %, la más alta entre los nuevos materiales; (4) aunque estas eficiencias son ligeramente inferiores al PTAA (20,20 %), se evidenció un aumento en los niveles HOMO y una mayor fotostabilidad con iminodibenzyl, destacando su potencial para futuras aplicaciones en PSCs.
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Awards linked to the item

M. C. R., J. S. R. O. and J. W. contributed equally to this work and shared first authorship. M. C. R., A. O. and B. I. thank the Universidad del Valle and MINCIENCIAS for the Doctorados Nacionales 785/2017 Scholarship Program. J. S. R. O., J. W. and V. A. M. gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Helmholtz Association in the framework of the innovation platform "Solar TAP". J. W. acknowledges the financial support from the SinoGerman Postdoc Scholarship Program (CSC-DAAD). A. J. B., L. L. and C. J. B. gratefully acknowledge financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) (BR 4031/22-1). S. L. gratefully acknowledges the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid for providing computing resources on Magerit Supercomputer. V. A. M. thanks the MINCIENCIAS for the Doctorados en el Exterior 885 Scholarship Program. J. A. H. and C. J. B. gratefully acknowledge the grants "ELF-PVDesign and development of solution processed functional materials for the next generations of PV technologies" (No. 44-6521a/20/4) by the Bavarian State Government. C. J. B. gratefully acknowledges financial support through the "Aufbruch Bayern" initiative of the state of Bavaria (EnCN and "Solar Factory of the Future"), the Bavarian Initiative "Solar Technologies go Hybrid" (SolTech), and the German Research Foundation (DFG) SFB 953-No. 182849149, and GRK2495 (ITRG2495). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
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