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Grant support

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and critical remarks that helped to improve the quality of the manuscript. Jonatan Nunez, David Huergo, Esteban Ferrer and Eusebio Valero acknowledge the funding received by the Grant NextSim/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and H2020, GA-956104. This project has received funding from the Clean Aviation Joint Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement HERA (Hybrid-Electric Regional Architecture) No. 101102007. Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or CAJU. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Esteban Ferrer and Eusebio Valero acknowledge the funding received by the Grant DeepCFD (Project No. PID2022-137899OB-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe. Esteban Ferrer would like to thank the support of the Comunidad de Madrid and Universidad Politecnica de Madrid for the Young Investigators award: APOYO-JOVENES-21-53NYUB-19-RRX1A0. Finally, all authors gratefully acknowledge the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (www.upm.es) for providing computing resources on the Magerit Supercomputer. The authors also thankfully acknowledge the computer resources at MareNostrum and the technical support provided by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (RES-IM-2022-3-0023).

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Nunez, JonatanCorresponding AuthorHuergo, DavidAuthorLodares, DiegoAuthorShrestha, SuyashAuthorFerrer, EstebanAuthorValero, EusebioAuthor

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March 22, 2025
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Implementation of immersed boundaries via volume penalization in the industrial aeronautical computational fluid dynamics solver CODA

Publicated to:Engineering With Computers. - 2025-02-27 (), DOI: 10.1007/s00366-025-02119-x

Authors: Nunez, Jonatan; Huergo, David; Lodares, Diego; Shrestha, Suyash; Guerra, Juan; Florenciano, Juan; Ferrer, Esteban; Valero, Eusebio

Affiliations

Airbus Def & Space SAU, Flight Phys Dept, Paseo John Lennon,S-N, Getafe 28906, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Ctr Computat Simulat, Campus Montegancedo, Boadilla Del Monte 28660, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Aeronaut, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain - Author

Abstract

We present the implementation and validation of an immersed boundary volume penalization method in the computational fluid dynamics solver CODA (from ONERA, DLR, and Airbus). Our goal is to model and simulate turbulent fluid flows in complex 3D aerodynamic configurations through the numerical solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations using the Spalart-Allmaras turbulent model. To do that, an immersed boundary method has been implemented in CODA and an efficient preprocessing tool for the construction of unstructured hexahedral meshes with adaptive mesh refinement around immersed geometries has been developed. We report several numerical examples, including subsonic flow past the NACA0012 airfoil, transonic flow past the RAE2822 airfoil, subsonic flow past the MDA30P30N multi-element airfoil, and subsonic flow around the NASA high-lift CRM aircraft. These simulations have been performed in the CODA solver with a second-order finite volume scheme as spatial discretization and an implicit backward Euler scheme based on the matrix-free GMRES block-Jacobi iterative method. The reported numerical simulations are in good agreement with their corresponding experimental data. These encouraging results allow us to conclude that the implemented immersed boundary method is efficient, flexible, and accurate and can therefore be used for aeronautical applications in industry.

Keywords

Cartesian grid methodCodaComputational fluid dynamicComputational fluid dynamicsFlowsImmersed boundariesModelOctree meshPredictioVolume penalization

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Engineering With Computers due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 43/175, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications.

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-28:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 2 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/89164/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 31
  • Downloads: 3

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (NUÑEZ DE LA ROSA, JONATAN BORIS) and Last Author (VALERO SANCHEZ, EUSEBIO).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been NUÑEZ DE LA ROSA, JONATAN BORIS.