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This project has received funding from the European Union (SMARTBATT: Smart electrolyte with inherent flame-retardancy for next-generation fire-safe lithium-ion batteries; Grant Agreement No. 101066532). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Executive Agency (REA). BL acknowledges the use of the MALDI instrument (DST-FIST (SR/FST/CS-I/2017/13(C)] award to the Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence) University, Delhi NCR.

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Zhang, MingyangAuthorChen, QiAuthor

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May 20, 2025
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Deciphering a New Electrolyte Formulation for Intelligent Modulation of Thermal Runaway to Improve the Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Publicated to:Advanced Functional Materials. - 2025-05-15 (), DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202502761

Authors: Ghosh, Arnab; Tian, Sunan; Zhang, Mingyang; Gomez, Isaac Lorero; Chen, Qi; Islam, Monsur; Bhatia, Bhavika; Prolongo, Silvia Gonzalez; Lochab, Bimlesh; Wang, De-Yi

Affiliations

IMDEA Mat Inst, C Eric Kandel 2, Getafe 28906, Madrid, Spain - Author
Rey Juan Carlos Univ, Inst Invest Tecnol Sostenibil, C Tulipan S-N, Mostoles 28933, Madrid, Spain - Author
Rey Juan Carlos Univ, Mat Sci & Engn Area, C Tulipan S-N, Mostoles 28933, Madrid, Spain - Author
Shiv Nadar Inst Eminence, Dept Chem, NH91, Greater Noida 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, ETS Ingn Caminos, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
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Abstract

Thermal runaway remains a persisting challenge that poses a significant risk to lithium-ion battery (LIB) users. In commercial LIBs, thermal runaway is typically controlled using temperature-responsive trilayer polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene (PP/PE/PP) separators. However, because of thermal shrinkage at approximate to 160 degrees C, these separators often fail to prevent thermal runaway in practical LIBs. Electrolyte engineering is, therefore, crucial to mitigate the risk of thermal runaway in LIBs. In this context, the Diels-Alder click chemistry is being introduced to tackle the thermal runaway issues in LIBs. A thermoresponsive electrolyte is proposed composed of a lithium salt dissolved in vinylene carbonate (VC) and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMFu) that functions effectively in batteries at room temperature. At high temperatures, VC and DMFu participate in Diels-Alder reactions, forming oligomers that significantly decrease the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and concurrently occlude the micropores of PP/PE/PP separators. These dual effects enable a two-step intelligent modulation of thermal runaway, with a warning phase activated above 80 degrees C and a complete thermal shutdown at 120 degrees C. The thermoresponsive electrolyte formulation deciphered in this study holds great potential for advancing the safety of LIBs through electrolyte engineering.

Keywords

ChallengesCompositDiels-alder reactionsElectrolyte formulationLithium-ion batteriesMechanismsPerformanceSafetySeparatorShutdownThermal runawayThermal shutdowVinylene carbonate

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 12/185, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Chemistry, Physical. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-20:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 1.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 1 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 64.75.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 4 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions in news outlets: 7 (Altmetric).

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: India.