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Garcia-Morales, SoledadAuthor

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June 3, 2025
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Site Characterization of the Palencia Cathedral (Spain): Origin of Recurrent Phreatic Floods in the Crypt of San Antolín

Publicated to: HERITAGE (BASEL). 8 (5): 169- - 2025-05-12 8(5), DOI: 10.3390/heritage8050169

Authors:

Yenes, M; Ayarza, P; Sánchez-Sánchez, Y; Elez, J; Palomeras, I; García-Morales, S; Ayarza, J; Yenes, L; Santamaría-Barragán, A; Rodríguez-Jiménez, E; Llera, L; Gómez-Barreiro, J
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Affiliations

Afesa Medio Ambiente, San Esteban Derio 48160, Spain - Author
Confederac Hidrograf Duero, Salamanca 37007, Spain - Author
CSIC, GEO3BCN, Lluis Sole Sabaris S-N, Barcelona 08028, Spain - Author
Ctr Estudios & Experimentac Obras Publ CEDEX, Lab Geotecnia, Madrid 28014, Spain - Author
Univ Burgos, Dept Fis, Burgos 09001, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Dept Construcc & Tecnol Arquitecton, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Univ Salamanca, Dept Geol, Salamanca 37008, Spain - Author
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Abstract

Below the central nave of the Gothic Cathedral of Palencia (14th to 16th centuries) lies the Crypt of San Antol & iacute;n, which represents the remains of a Visigothic building from the mid-7th century. The crypt itself has suffered recurrent episodes of flooding over the centuries. However, the latest flooding, which began in mid-2021 and ended in mid-2023, is one of the most long-lasting episodes on the historical record. To establish the origin of these flooding episodes, the geological and hydrological properties of the subsoil have been determined by direct prospecting techniques (drilling) and indirect geophysical techniques (Electrical Resistivity Tomography). The prospecting has determined that the aquifer in the area has a basin-like geometry, which favors the accumulation of water below the crypt. This work has shown that the recurrent floods suffered by the crypt prior to 2021 are related to episodes of intense rainfall. However, after 2021, there is a direct relationship between the persistent flooding and the onset of landscaping at the Plaza de San Antol & iacute;n, one of the squares near the cathedral. In addition, previous archaeological excavations carried out in 1965 in that same square had disrupted the stratigraphic column, easing the percolation of water. We conclude that the increase in landscaped areas in archaeological environments may modify the hydrogeological dynamics of the subsoil and affect the surrounding buildings.
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Keywords

Archaeological test pitsCultural heritageElectrical resistivity tomography (ert)Geological-geotechnical prospectionsPalencia cathedraPalencia cathedralPhreatic floodsSite characterization

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal HERITAGE (BASEL) due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Conservation. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-27:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 1.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 1 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 5.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 4 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/95158/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 13
  • Downloads: 1
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Awards linked to the item

The results are part of the contract B2023/008285 with JCYL. The authors acknowledge the support of the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 under the grant PID2020-117332GB-C21, the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR under the grant TED2021-130440B-I00, and the Junta de Castilla y Leon grant SA066P24.
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