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Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Analysis of institutional authors

Díaz-Cuenca, DiegoCorresponding AuthorVillalba-Herreros, AntonioAuthorLeo, Teresa JAuthorD'Amore-Domenech, RafaelAuthor

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August 7, 2025
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Article

Alternative Fuels in the Maritime Industry: Emissions Evaluation of Bulk Carrier Ships

Publicated to: Journal Of Marine Science And Engineering. 13 (7): 1313- - 2025-07-08 13(7), DOI: 10.3390/jmse13071313

Authors:

Diaz-Cuenca, Diego; Villalba-Herreros, Antonio; Leo, Teresa J; d'Amore-Domenech, Rafael
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Affiliations

Univ Politecn Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Navales, Dept Arquitectura Construcc & Sistemas Ocean & Nav, Ave Memoria 4, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Navales, Grp Invest UPM Pilas Combustible Tecnol Hidrogeno, Ave Memoria 4, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author

Abstract

The maritime industry remains a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this article, a systematic study has been performed on the alternative fuel emissions of large cargo ships under different route scenarios and propulsion systems. For this purpose, a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) are evaluated, including total equivalent CO2 emissions (CO2eq), CO2eq emissions per unit of transport mass and CO2eq emissions per unit of transport mass per distance. The emissions analysis demonstrates that Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) paired with Marine Gas Oil (MGO) emerges as the most viable short-term solution in comparison with the conventional fuel oil propulsion. Synthetic methanol (eMeOH) paired with synthetic diesel (eDiesel) is identified as the most promising long-term fuel combination. When comparing the European Union (EU) emission calculation system (FuelEU) with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) emission metrics, a discrepancy in emissions reduction outcomes has been observed. The IMO approach appears to favor methanol (MeOH) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) over conventional fuel oil. This is attributed to the fact that the IMO metrics do not consider unburned methane emissions (methane slip) and emissions in the production of fuels (Well-to-Tank).
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Keywords

Alternative fuelsEmission controlFuel oilsFueleuGas emissionsGas fuel analysisGas fuel purificationGreenhouse gasesInternational maritime organizationsLife below waterLiquefied natural gasLiquified natural gasLngMaritime industryMethaneMethanolMethanol fuelsNatural gas transportationPer unitPropulsion systemPropulsion systemsRoute optimizationShip propulsionTankers (ships)Transport massZero emissionZero emission shippingZero emissions shippinZero emissions shipping

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Journal Of Marine Science And Engineering due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 7/25, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Engineering, Marine. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría .

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-12-21:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 6.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 8 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 2.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/91636/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 34
  • Downloads: 16
Continuing with the social impact of the work, it is important to emphasize that, due to its content, it can be assigned to the area of interest of ODS 14 - Life below water, with a probability of 41% according to the mBERT algorithm developed by Aurora University.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (DIAZ CUENCA, DIEGO) and Last Author (D'AMORE DOMENECH, RAFAEL).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been DIAZ CUENCA, DIEGO.

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Awards linked to the item

This research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF a way of making Europe" grant number PID2021-124263OB-I00. This work has been also conducted in the framework of the Project GreenH2CM funded by the Regional Government of Madrid and the Government of the Kingdom of Spain through the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (PRTR) funded by the European Union-NextGenerationEU.
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