{rfName}
FA

Indexed in

License and Use

Icono OpenAccess

Citations

4

Altmetrics

Analysis of institutional authors

Asad, MuhammadAuthorSanchez-Fernandez, Jose AngelCorresponding Author

Share

August 7, 2025
Publications
>
Review
Sí

FACTS Controllers' Contribution for Load Frequency Control, Voltage Stability and Congestion Management in Deregulated Power Systems over Time: A Comprehensive Review

Publicated to: Applied Sciences-Basel. 15 (14): 8039- - 2025-07-18 15(14), DOI: 10.3390/app15148039

Authors:

Asad, M; Faizan, M; Zanchetta, P; Sánchez-Fernández, JA
[+]

Affiliations

Univ Gujrat, Dept Elect Engn, Jalalpur Jattan Rd, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan - Author
Univ Pavia, Dept Elect Comp & Biomed Engn, I-27100 Pavia, Italy - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Dept Elect Engn, ETSI Ind, Madrid 28006, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Dept Hydraul Energy & Environm Engn, ETSI Caminos Canales & Puertos, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
See more

Abstract

Incremental energy demand, environmental constraints, restrictions in the availability of energy resources, economic conditions, and political impact prompt the power sector toward deregulation. In addition to these impediments, electric power competition for power quality, reliability, availability, and cost forces utilities to maximize utilization of the existing infrastructure by flowing power on transmission lines near to their thermal limits. All these factors introduce problems related to power network stability, reliability, quality, congestion management, and security in restructured power systems. To overcome these problems, power-electronics-based FACTS devices are one of the beneficial solutions at present. In this review paper, the significant role of FACTS devices in restructured power networks and their technical benefits against various power system problems such as load frequency control, voltage stability, and congestion management will be presented. In addition, an extensive discussion about the comparison between different FACTS devices (series, shunt, and their combination) and comparison between various optimization techniques (classical, analytical, hybrid, and meta-heuristics) that support FACTS devices to achieve their respective benefits is presented in this paper. Generally, it is concluded that third-generation FACTS controllers are more popular to mitigate various power system problems (i.e., load frequency control, voltage stability, and congestion management). Moreover, a combination of multiple FACTS devices, with or without energy storage devices, is more beneficial compared to their individual usage. However, this is not commonly adopted in small power systems due to high installation or maintenance costs. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the selection and cost of FACTS devices to minimize the power system problems. Likewise, meta-heuristics and hybrid optimization techniques are commonly adopted to optimize FACTS devices due to their fast convergence, robustness, higher accuracy, and flexibility.
[+]

Keywords

Automatic-generation controlCongestion managemenCongestion managementControl issuesDeregulated power networksFacts devicesGenetic algorithmLoad frequency controlOptimal locationOptimal placementParticle swarm optimizationRedox flow batteriesSvc controlSynchronous series compensatorVoltage stabilityWind farm

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Applied Sciences-Basel due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 50/179, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Engineering, Multidisciplinary. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría Engineering (Miscellaneous).

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2026-04-11:

  • WoS: 1
  • Scopus: 1
[+]

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-11:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 18 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
    [+]

    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Italy; Pakistan.

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (ASAD, MUHAMMAD) and Last Author (SANCHEZ FERNANDEZ, JOSE ANGEL).

    the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been SANCHEZ FERNANDEZ, JOSE ANGEL.

    [+]

    Awards linked to the item

    This research was funded by Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, grant number RP2304330031.
    [+]