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Analysis of institutional authors

Farina, BenitoAuthorMontalvo-Garcia DAuthorBermejo-Pelaez DAuthorLedesma-Carbayo MjAuthor

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September 10, 2025
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Spatio-temporal deep learning with temporal attention for indeterminate lung nodule classification.

Publicated to: Comput. Biol. Med.. 196 (Pt C): 110813- - 2025-09-01 196(Pt C), DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110813

Authors:

Farina B; Carbajo Benito R; Montalvo-García D; Bermejo-Peláez D; Maceiras LS; Ledesma-Carbayo MJ
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Affiliations

Biomedical Image Technologies, ETSI Telecomunicación, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28040, Spain. - Author
Biomedical Image Technologies, ETSI Telecomunicación, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28040, Spain. Electronic address: benito.f - Author
Biomedical Image Technologies, ETSI Telecomunicación, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28040, Spain. Electronic address: mj.ledes - Author
Biomedical Image Technologies, ETSI Telecomunicación, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28040, Spain; SPOTLAB, Madrid, 28040, Spai - Author
Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28040, Spain. - Author
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Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems in screening programs enhance malignancy prediction, assist radiologists in decision-making, and reduce inter-reader variability. However, limited research has explored the analysis of repeated annual exams of indeterminate lung nodules to improve accuracy. We introduced a novel spatio-temporal deep learning framework, the global attention convolutional recurrent neural network (globAttCRNN), to predict indeterminate lung nodule malignancy using serial screening computed tomography (CT) images from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) dataset. The model comprises a lightweight 2D convolutional neural network for spatial feature extraction and a recurrent neural network with a global attention module to capture the temporal evolution of lung nodules. Additionally, we proposed new strategies to handle missing data in the temporal dimension to mitigate potential biases arising from missing time steps, including temporal augmentation and temporal dropout. Our model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.954 in an independent test set of 175 lung nodules, each detected in multiple CT scans over patient follow-up, outperforming baseline single-time and multiple-time architectures. The temporal global attention module prioritizes informative time points, enabling the model to capture key spatial and temporal features while ignoring irrelevant or redundant information. Our evaluation emphasizes its potential as a valuable tool for the diagnosis and stratification of patients at risk of lung cancer.
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Keywords

AgedComputed tomography (ct)Deep learningFemaleHumansIndeterminate lung noduleLung neoplasmsLung screeningMaleMiddle agedNeural networks, computerRadiographic image interpretation, computer-assistedSolitary pulmonary noduleSpatio-temporal deep learningTemporal attention mechanismTomography, x-ray computed

Quality index

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-01:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 7 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (LEDESMA CARBAYO, MARIA JESUS).

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