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Rebaque, DiegoAuthorCarrasco-Lopez, CristianAuthorLopez, GemmaAuthorLopez-Cobos, SergioAuthorMeile, LukasAuthorMelida, HugoAuthorMolina, AntonioCorresponding AuthorSanchez-Vallet, AndreaCorresponding Author

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November 4, 2025
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Hybrid Gold

Zymoseptoria tritici stealth infection is facilitated by stage-specific downregulation of a β-glucanase

Publicated to: NEW PHYTOLOGIST. 248 (6): 3191-3207 - 2025-12-01 248(6), DOI: 10.1111/nph.70621

Authors:

Rebaque, Diego; Carrasco-Lopez, Cristian; Krishnan, Parvathy; Lopez, Gemma; Lopez-Cobos, Sergio; de Salas, Felipe; Meile, Lukas; Lorrain, Cecile; Largo-Gosens, Asier; Mcdonald, Bruce A; Vilaplana, Francisco; Martinez, Maria Jesus; Melida, Hugo; Molina, Antonio; Sanchez-Vallet, Andrea
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Affiliations

KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Engn Sci Chem, Dept Chem, Div Glycosc, S-11428 Stockholm, Sweden - Author
Spanish Natl Res Council, Ctr Invest Biol Margarita Salas, C Ramiro Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Integrat Biol, Plant Pathol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland - Author
Univ Leon, Dept Ingn & Ciencias Agr, Area Fisiol Vegetal, Leon 24071, Spain - Author
Univ Leon, Inst Biol Mol Gen & Prote INBI, Leon 24071, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid UPM, Ctr Biotecnol & Genomica Plantas, Inst Nacl Invest & Tecnol Agr & Alimentaria INIA, CSIC, Campus Montegancedo UPM, Madrid 28223, Spain - Author
UPM, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Agron Alimentaria & Biosis, Dept Biotecnol Biol Vegetal, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
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Abstract

Plant cell walls constitute a major defence barrier against pathogens, although it is unclear how specific cell wall components impact pathogen colonisation. Pathogens secrete cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to facilitate plant colonisation, but damaged or infected cells are often a source of cell wall-derived oligosaccharides that trigger host immunity. The mechanisms by which pathogens minimise the release of cell wall-derived oligosaccharides while colonising the host remain to be elucidated. We combined biochemical, molecular, and transcriptomic analyses to functionally characterise a glycoside hydrolase (ZtGH45) from the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. ZtGH45 gene is expressed during the necrotrophic phase. At this stage, wheat beta-1,3/1,4-mixed-linked glucan (MLG)-derived oligosaccharides are also accumulated. We show that overexpression of ZtGH45 in Z. tritici enhances hydrolysis of MLG from wheat cell walls, and the released MLG oligosaccharides trigger an immune response in wheat. The results demonstrate that tight regulation of ZtGH45 is critical for the infection process as it prevents early accumulation of MLG oligosaccharides that would prematurely induce host immunity, thereby counterbalancing fungal virulence. We suggest that the balance between plant cell wall degradation by fungal CWDEs and the release of immunogenic wall-derived oligosaccharides governs the outcome of host invasion by pathogens.
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Keywords

3/14-mixed-linked glucansAnion channelBeta-1CellDamage-associated molecular patternDamage‐associated molecular patternGeneKinasesLife-cycle specializationMixed-linkageMycosphaerella-graminicolaPathogen effectorPlant cell wallPlant resistanceResistanceTranscriptomeTriticum aestivumWall degrading enzymesWheat immunityZymoseptoria triticiΒ‐1,3/1,4‐mixed‐linked glucans

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal NEW PHYTOLOGIST due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 12/273, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Plant Sciences. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-25:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 15.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 15 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 29.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 14 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions in news outlets: 2 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/92709/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 42
  • Downloads: 28
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Sweden; Switzerland.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (REBAQUE MORAN, DIEGO) and Last Author (SÁNCHEZ VALLET, ANDREA).

the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been MOLINA FERNANDEZ, ANTONIO and SÁNCHEZ VALLET, ANDREA.

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Project objectives

La aportación persigue los siguientes objetivos: analizar el papel de los componentes específicos de la pared celular vegetal en la colonización por patógenos; caracterizar funcionalmente la glucosidasa ZtGH45 del patógeno del trigo Zymoseptoria tritici mediante análisis bioquímicos, moleculares y transcriptómicos; evaluar la expresión del gen ZtGH45 durante la fase necrotrófica y su impacto en la acumulación de oligosacáridos derivados de glucanos mixtos; determinar el efecto de la sobreexpresión de ZtGH45 en la hidrólisis de la pared celular y la activación de la respuesta inmune en trigo; y establecer la importancia de la regulación específica de ZtGH45 para evitar la inducción prematura de la inmunidad del hospedador y facilitar la infección.
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Most relevant results

El estudio aborda los mecanismos de infección de Zymoseptoria tritici en trigo, centrándose en la regulación de una β-glucanasa específica. Los resultados más relevantes son: 1) el gen ZtGH45 se expresa durante la fase necrotrófica de la infección; 2) en esta fase se acumulan oligosacáridos derivados de la beta-1,3/1,4-glucana mixta (MLG) del trigo; 3) la sobreexpresión de ZtGH45 aumenta la hidrólisis de MLG, liberando oligosacáridos que inducen una respuesta inmune en el hospedador; 4) la regulación estricta de ZtGH45 es esencial para evitar la acumulación temprana de oligosacáridos inmunogénicos y permitir la virulencia fúngica; 5) el equilibrio entre la degradación de la pared celular y la liberación de oligosacáridos inmunogénicos determina el éxito de la invasión patógen
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Awards linked to the item

This work was supported by grant PID2019-108693RA-I00, PID2023-150977NB-I00 and RYC2018-025530-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European SocialFunds (ESF) to ASV and grant PID2021-126006OB-I00 toAM, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by 'ERDF A way of making Europe,' and grant 'Severo Ochoa Pro-gram for Centres of Excellence in R&D (grant nos. SEV-2016-0672 and CEX2020-000999-S (2022-2025)) funded byMCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 to AM. CCL and LMhave been financially supported as postdoctoral researchers by CEX2020-000999-S (2022-2025) and CNS2023-144037(funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by EU NextGenerationEU/PRTR), respectively. DR was the recipientof an Industrial PhD fellowship and grant from the Madrid Regional Government (IND2017/BIO-7800 to AM) and a 'Margarita Salas' postdoctoral fellowship European Union-NextGeneration EU UP2021-035 (RD 289/2021) from the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid. Work performed by HMwas financed by PID2020-120364GA-I00 and PID2023-150378OB-I00fundedbyMCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. ALG was the recipient of a 'Maria Zambrano' postdoctoral fellowship/EU NextGenerationEU/PRTR from the Universidad de Leon. We thank Gero Steinberg and SreedharKilaru (Exeter University, UK) for providing us with the 3D7-GFP line and Sara Gonzalez Bod (Bioinformatic Service Unit,CBGP) for providing us support with the bioinformatic analysis.We thank Cyrille Saintenac, Kostya Kanyuka, and Jean-BenoitMorel for providing us with wheat seeds.r No Statement Availabler No Statement Available
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