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Analysis of institutional authors

Calderon-Sanchez, JavierAuthor

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March 12, 2026
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Fabrication and Dielectric Characterization of Stable Oil in Gelatin Breast Tissue Phantoms for Microwave Biomedical Imaging

Publicated to: Micromachines. 16 (10): 1189- - 2025-10-21 16(10), DOI: 10.3390/mi16101189

Authors:

Lopez-Calderon, Hector; Velazquez-Martinez, Victor; Calderon-Ramon, Celia; Laguna-Camacho, Juan Rodrigo; Roger-Fouconnier, Benoit; Martinez-Castillo, Jaime; Lopez-Calderon, Enrique; Calderon-Sanchez, Javier; Chagoya-Ramirez, Jorge; Aguilar-Melendez, Armando
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Affiliations

Univ Veracruzana, Ctr Invest Micro & Nanotecnol, Boca Del Rio 94294, Mexico - Author
Univ Veracruzana, Fac Biol, Xalapa 91090, Mexico - Author
Univ Veracruzana, Fac Ciencias Quim, Coatzacoalcos 96538, Mexico - Author
Univ Veracruzana, Fac Ingn Civil, Poza Rica 93390, Mexico - Author
Univ Veracruzana, Fac Ingn Mecan & Electr, Poza Rica 93390, Mexico - Author
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Abstract

Breast tissue-mimicking phantoms are essential tools for validating microwave imaging systems designed for early breast cancer detection. In this work, we report the fabrication and comprehensive characterization of oil-in-gelatin phantoms emulating normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues. The phantoms were manufactured with controlled mixtures of kerosene, safflower oil, and gelatin, and their dielectric properties were experimentally evaluated using a free-space transmission method with a Vector Network Analyzer across the 100 MHz-10 GHz range. Results demonstrated significant contrast in permittivity and conductivity among the different tissue types, consistent with values reported in the literature. Long-term stability was confirmed for up to six months under controlled storage. Additional structural and thermal characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), providing insight into molecular composition and thermal response. The proposed method enables reproducible, low-cost, and stable phantom fabrication, offering reliable tissue models to support experimental validation and optimization of microwave-based breast cancer detection systems.
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Keywords

AntennaBiofabricationBreast cancer detectionBreast tissuesDielectric characterizationDielectric materialsDielectric propertiesDifferential scanning calorimetryDiseasesFabricationFourier transform infrared spectroscopyLiquidMedical imagingMicrowave biomedical imagingMicrowave imaging systemsPhantomsSystemThermogravimetric analysisTissueTissue engineeringTissue mimicking phantomTissue phantomTissue-mimicking materialsVector spaces

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Micromachines due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 31/79, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Instruments & Instrumentation. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-05:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 4 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
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    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Mexico.

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