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Analysis of institutional authors

Fernandez AAuthorGonzalez CCorresponding Author

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June 27, 2016
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Strength and toughness of structural fibres for composite material reinforcement

Publicated to: PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES. 374 (2071): 20150274- - 2016-07-13 374(2071), DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0274

Authors:

Herraez, M; Herraez, M; Fernandez, A; Fernandez, A; Lopes, C S; Lopes, C S; Gonzalez, C; Gonzalez, C
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Affiliations

E.T.S. De Ingenieros De Caminos, Department of Materials Science, Madrid, Spain - Author
ETS Ingn Caminos, Dept Mat Sci, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
IMDEA Mat, C Eric Kandel 2, Madrid 28906, Spain - Author
IMDEA Materials, C/Eric Kandel 2, Getafe, Madrid, Spain - Author
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Abstract

The characterization of the strength and fracture toughness of three common structural fibres, E-glass, AS4 carbon and Kevlar KM2, is presented in this work. The notched specimens were prepared by means of selective carving of individual fibres by means of the focused ion beam. A straight-fronted edge notch was introduced in a plane perpendicular to the fibre axis, with the relative notch depth being a0/D?0.1 and the notch radius at the tip approximately 50?nm. The selection of the appropriate beam current during milling operations was performed to avoid to as much as possible any microstructural changes owing to ion impingement. Both notched and un-notched fibres were submitted to uniaxial tensile tests up to failure. The strength of the un-notched fibres was characterized in terms of the Weibull statistics, whereas the residual strength of the notched fibres was used to determine their apparent toughness. To this end, the stress intensity factor of a fronted edge crack was computed by means of the finite-element method for different crack lengths. The experimental results agreed with those reported in the literature for polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibres obtained by using similar techniques. After mechanical testing, the fracture surface of the fibres was analysed to ascertain the failure mechanisms. It was found that AS4 carbon and E-glass fibres presented the lower toughness with fracture surfaces perpendicular to the fibre axis, emanating from the notch tip. The fractured region of Kevlar KM2 fibres extended along the fibre and showed large permanent deformation, which explains their higher degree of toughness when compared with carbon and glass fibres. This article is part of the themed issue 'Multiscale modelling of the structural integrity of composite materials'.© 2016 The Author(s).
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Keywords

focused ion beamfracture toughnessmicromechanicsCarbon-fibersCracksFocused ion beamFracture toughnessFracture-toughnessMicromechanicsStructural fibres

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2016, it was in position 14/63, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Multidisciplinary Sciences.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.21. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.92 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-24, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 39
  • Scopus: 50
  • Europe PMC: 1
  • Google Scholar: 42
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-24:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 87.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 86 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 5.

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/92605/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 62
  • Downloads: 18
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (GONZALEZ MARTINEZ, CARLOS DANIEL).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been GONZALEZ MARTINEZ, CARLOS DANIEL.

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Project objectives

Los objetivos perseguidos en esta aportación se centran en caracterizar y evaluar las propiedades mecánicas de fibras estructurales para refuerzo de materiales compuestos. Se busca analizar la resistencia y tenacidad a la fractura de fibras E-glass, AS4 carbono y Kevlar KM2 mediante ensayos de tracción uniaxial en especímenes con y sin muescas. Se pretende determinar la resistencia residual de las fibras muescadas para calcular su tenacidad aparente utilizando el factor de intensidad de esfuerzos obtenido por elementos finitos. Además, se aspira a caracterizar los mecanismos de fallo mediante el análisis de la superficie de fractura postensayo. Finalmente, se compara experimentalmente la tenacidad de las fibras estudiadas con datos reportados en la literatura para fibras de carbono basadas en poliacrilonitrilo.
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Most relevant results

El estudio presenta la caracterización de la resistencia y tenacidad a la fractura de fibras estructurales comunes: E-glass, AS4 carbono y Kevlar KM2. Se prepararon especímenes con muescas mediante haz iónico focalizado con una profundidad relativa a0/D ≈ 0.1 y radio de muesca de 50 nm. La resistencia de fibras sin muesca se analizó mediante estadística de Weibull, mientras que la tenacidad aparente se determinó a partir de la resistencia residual de fibras con muesca y el factor de intensidad de tensión calculado por elementos finitos. Los resultados experimentales coinciden con datos previos para fibras de carbono basadas en poliacrilonitrilo. Se observó que AS4 carbono y E-glass presentan menor tenacidad con fracturas perpendiculares al eje, mientras que Kevlar KM2 muestra mayor tenacidad y deformación permanente a lo largo de la fibra.
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