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Analysis of institutional authors

Gaite, J.Author

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June 9, 2019
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The relativistic virial theorem and scale invariance

Publicated to:Physics-Uspekhi. 56 (9): 919-931 - 2013-12-23 56(9), DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.0183.201309f.0973

Authors: Gaite, J.;

Affiliations

Univ Politecn Madrid, Inst Univ Microgravedad Ignacio Da Riva, E-28040 Madrid, Spain - Author

Abstract

The virial theorem is related to the dilatation properties of bound states. This is realized, in particular, in the Landau-Lifshitz formulation of the relativistic virial theorem, in terms of the trace of the energy momentum tensor. We construct a Hamiltonian formulation of dilatations in which the relativistic virial theorem naturally arises as the condition of stability under dilatations. A bound state becomes scale invariant in the ultrarelativistic limit, in which its energy vanishes. However, for very relativistic bound states, scale invariance is broken by quantum effects, and the virial theorem must include the energy momentum tensor trace anomaly. This quantum field theory virial theorem is directly related to the Callan-Symanzik equations. The virial theorem is applied to QED and then to QCD, focusing on the bag model of hadrons. In massless QCD, according to the virial theorem, 3/4 of a hadron mass corresponds to quarks and gluons and 1/4 to the trace anomaly.

Keywords

ElectrodynamicsEnergy-momentum-tensorEquationsField-theoryLocalized solutionsMechanicsModelsParticlesQuarkRenormalization-group

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Physics-Uspekhi due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2013, it was in position 21/78, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Physics, Multidisciplinary. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría Physics and Astronomy (Miscellaneous).

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 2.48, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-15, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 8
  • Scopus: 9

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-15:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 3 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (GAITE CUESTA, JOSE) and Last Author (GAITE CUESTA, JOSE).