June 9, 2019
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Article

Optical Sensing to Determine Tomato Plant Spacing for Precise Agrochemical Application: Two Scenarios

Publicated to: SENSORS. 17 (5): E1096- - 2017-05-11 17(5), DOI: 10.3390/s17051096

Authors:

Martínez-Guanter, J; Garrido-Izard, M; Valero, C; Slaughter, DC; Pérez-Ruiz, M
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Affiliations

Univ Calif Davis, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA - Author
Univ Seville, Aerosp Engn & Fluid Mech Dept, Seville 41013, Spain - Author
UPM, Lab Propiedades Fis LPF TAGRALIA, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
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Abstract

The feasibility of automated individual crop plant care in vegetable crop fields has increased, resulting in improved efficiency and economic benefits. A systems-based approach is a key feature in the engineering design of mechanization that incorporates precision sensing techniques. The objective of this study was to design new sensing capabilities to measure crop plant spacing under different test conditions (California, USA and Andalucia, Spain). For this study, three different types of optical sensors were used: an optical light-beam sensor (880 nm), a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor (905 nm), and an RGB camera. Field trials were conducted on newly transplanted tomato plants, using an encoder as a local reference system. Test results achieved a 98% accuracy in detection using light-beam sensors while a 96% accuracy on plant detections was achieved in the best of replications using LiDAR. These results can contribute to the decision-making regarding the use of these sensors by machinery manufacturers. This could lead to an advance in the physical or chemical weed control on row crops, allowing significant reductions or even elimination of hand-weeding tasks.
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Keywords

kinectlidarlight-beamAgrochemicalsCaliforniaKinectLidarLight-beamLocationPlant localizationRtk-gpsSensorsSolanum lycopersicumSpainSystemVisionWeed control

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal SENSORS due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2017, it was in position 16/61, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Instruments & Instrumentation. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2026-04-27:

  • WoS: 11
  • Scopus: 13
  • Europe PMC: 6
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-27:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 39.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 39 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 10.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 8 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/45862/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 425
  • Downloads: 308
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: United States of America.

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Awards linked to the item

This research was supported in part by the project P12-AGR-1227 funded by the Regional Government of Andalusia and the project AGL2013-46343-R funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness-Government of Spain. The authors thank Juan Aguera, Burt Vannucci and C.J. Gliever for technical assistance.
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