June 9, 2019
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Article
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Modelling the transport of chloride and other ions in cement-based materials

Publicated to: CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES. 97 33-42 - 2019-03-01 97(), DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.009

Authors:

Fenaux, M; Reyes, E; Galvez, J C; Moragues, A
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Affiliations

Univ Politecn Madrid, Escuela Ingenieros Caminos Canales & Puertos, Civil Engn Sch - Author

Abstract

Research on mechanisms of chloride ion transport in cement-based materials is relevant to improve the durability of reinforced concrete structures. Conventional chloride-transport models consider a linear diffusion equation, only valid for fully saturated and non-reactive concrete. This work proposes a model of chloride and other ions penetration in saturated concrete considering diffusion, chloride binding, chemical activity and migration. The model uses intrinsic diffusion coefficients. The influence of the ionic pore solution on chloride penetration into concrete is also studied. Chemical activity is introduced by coupling the transport equations to the Pitzer model. The migration is accounted for by imposing the electro-neutrality condition of the pore solution. It is shown that fitting the well known error function to experimentally obtained chloride profiles present results which are difficult to interpret. Moreover, it is shown that, by accounting for solely diffusion and chloride binding, good results are obtained. Contemplating chemical activity and migration slightly improves such results and allows concentration profiles of the present ionic species in the pore solution to be determined. Such profiles are involved in the degradation processes of cement-based materials exposed to aggressive environments.
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Keywords

Binding-capacityChemical-compositionChloride transportConcreteDiffusionDiffusion coefficientsElectrolytesEquilibriaIonic pore solutionMigrationModellingPenetrationPitzer modelSimulationThermodynamic properties

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2019, it was in position 3/63, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Construction & Building Technology. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.22. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.24 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-24, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 34
  • Scopus: 38
  • Google Scholar: 50
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-24:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 58.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 57 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 3.

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/85560/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 127
  • Downloads: 129
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Fenaux, M.) and Last Author (MORAGUES TERRADES, AMPARO).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been GALVEZ RUIZ, JAIME CARLOS.

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Awards linked to the item

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided for this research by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under grant BIA2016-78742-C2-2-R.
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