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The authors appreciate the financial support of the Soil Engineering Department of the Escuela Tecnica de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, of the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and the collaboration of Dr. Daniel del Olmo and Assistant Professor Antonio Soriano-Martinez for their help with the computational model. Special thanks to Professor Javier Moreno from the Experimental Centre of the Spanish Government (CEDEX) for his ideas on the discontinuity characterization in the FEM model.

Analysis of institutional authors

Gonzalez-Galindo, J.AuthorOlalla, C.Author

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Article

Underdip Toppling Failure Mechanism: Case Study Retrospective Analysis and Its Most Determinant Parameters

Publicated to:International Journal Of Geomechanics. 19 (6): - 2019-06-01 19(6), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001408

Authors: Garcia-Moya, S. A.; Gonzalez-Galindo, J.; Olalla, C.;

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Abstract

The underdip toppling failure (UTF) mechanism in rock slopes with a set of discontinuities is analyzed in this study. Various perspectives from the most relevant authors are examined to understand the behavior of this mechanism. The UTF mechanism in rock slopes is explained using field observations from a case study of a mica schist slope validated through a retrospective analysis. An engineering approach is presented to assess the quantitative and qualitative influences of the main parameters on the UTF mechanism based on a numerical method that uses continuous FEM code with Phase 2. The results show that the level of the water table (WT) is the most determinant parameter among the others considered, namely, the discontinuity strength, slope height, state of the natural stresses (K-0), and discontinuity spacing. Finally, recommendations are provided to better understand the parameters that are more influential on the calculation of the factor of safety (FoS) in UTF scenarios.

Keywords

Case studyDiscontinuitiesFemLimitsRetrospective analysisRock slopeSlopeUnderdip toppling

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Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal International Journal Of Geomechanics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2019, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Soil Science. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 1.36, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-01, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 4
  • Scopus: 8
  • OpenCitations: 8

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-01:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 6 (PlumX).

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Garcia-Moya, S. A.) and Last Author (OLALLA MARAÑON, CLAUDIO).