June 9, 2019
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Assessment of different iron species as activators of S2O82- and HSO5- for inactivation of wild bacteria strains

Publicated to: APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL. 248 54-61 - 2019-07-05 248(), DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.02.003

Authors:

Rodríguez-Chueca, J; Guerra-Rodríguez, S; Raez, JM; López-Muñoz, MJ; Rodríguez, E
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Affiliations

Univ Politecn Madrid, Dept Ind Chem & Environm Engn, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind, Calle Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Dept Chem & Environm Technol, Calle Tulipan S-N, Mostoles 28933, Spain - Author

Abstract

This work assesses the potential activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS, HSO5-) and persulfate (PS, S2O82-) by different homogeneous iron species, FeSO4 and Fe(III)-citrate and heterogeneous Fe2O3 and nano zero valent iron particles (nZVI), to generate sulfate radicals for inactivation of wild bacteria strains (Escherichia colt and Enterococcus sp.) spiked in simulated wastewater effluents. The effectiveness of each iron source as activator was studied in combination with UV-A radiation at natural pH of water (approximate to 7.2) using millimolar doses of oxidants (0.5 mM) at different oxidant:iron molar ratio (1:1 and 1:2). In all cases, the addition of iron enhanced the efficiency of the treatments compared to those carried out without it (PMS/UV-A and PS/UV-A); however, significant differences were evidenced depending on the type of bacteria, oxidant and iron specie. For instance, Escherichia colt was reduced (5-log) below the limit of detection (1 CFU/mL) within 2-15 min by activation of PMS and PS with all the iron species evaluated By contrast, under analogous operating conditions the efficiency was notably lower for Enterococcus sp. In this case, it is worth mentioning the notable efficiency through the use of Fe(III)-citrate, which allowed to attained a 3.50-log removal of Enterococcus sp. after 90 min, in contrast to the low reduction (1.8-log) attained with FeSO4 . On the other hand, heterogeneous iron species showed an efficiency for bacteria inactivation comparable in most cases to that of homogeneous iron sources. Taking into consideration the potential advantages of heterogeneous catalysts, as for example the recovery and reuse of the catalyst thus reducing the operating costs, the obtained results are encouraging. For instance, E.coli population was removed below the detection limit (5-log) in less than 5 min with both Fe2O3 and ZVI, whereas a 2-log decrease of Enterococcus sp. was attained after 90 min of treatment, even without PMS. Finally, it was assessed the recovery and re-use of ZVI particles. According to X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis, the reaction conditions induced a progressive fading of the core-shell structure of nZVI particles, with a decrease of the efficiency for bacteria inactivation in subsequent uses. As an example, E.coli is reduced in 5-log in 15 min in the first use, and 4.70-log in 90 mM with the third use of ZVI.
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Keywords

Advanced oxidationCitric-acidEnterococcus sp.Escherichia coliEscherichia-coliFenton oxidationIron speciesMicropollutant degradationNzviPersulfate (ps) vs. peroxymonosulfate (pms)Photo-fentonResponse-surface methodologySulfate radicalsWaste-water treatmentWastewater disinfection

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2019, it was in position 1/53, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Engineering, Environmental. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.59. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.36 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-27, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 61
  • Scopus: 61
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-27:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 61.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 61 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 4.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/95441/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 487
  • Downloads: 209
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (RODRIGUEZ HURTADO, MARIA ENCARNACION) and Last Author (RODRIGUEZ CHUECA, JORGE JESUS).

the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been RODRIGUEZ HURTADO, MARIA ENCARNACION and GUERRA RODRIGUEZ, SONIA.

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Awards linked to the item

This Special Issue is dedicated to honor the retirement of Prof. Cesar Pulgarin at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL, Switzerland), a key figure in the area of Catalytic Advanced Oxidation Processes. Besides J. Rodriguez-Chueca acknowledges Universidad Politecnica de Madrid for the support through the research project VJIDOCUPM18JJRC, and M.J. Lopez-Munoz and J.M. Raez acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional through the research project CTM2015-69246-R (MINECO/FEDER).
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