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We acknowledge support from the US National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Mexico, grants 271051, 232656, 260378, 179588, 254964, 258865, 243290, 132197, A1-S-46288, A1-S-22784, catedras 873, 1563, 341, 323, Red HAWC, Mexico; DGAPA-UNAM grants IG101320, IN111315, IN111716-3, IN111419, IA102019, IN112218; VIEP-BUAP; PIFI 2012, 2013, PROFOCIE 2014, 2015; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant, DEC-2017/27/B/ST9/02272; Coordinacion de la Investigacion Cientifica de la Universidad Michoacana; Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowship 180385; Generalitat Valenciana, grant CIDEGENT/2018/034; Chulalongkorn University's CUniverse (CUAASC) grant. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano Diaz, and Eduardo Murrieta for technical support.

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Martinez Alvaro, OscarAuthorGarcia-Gonzalez, JaAuthor

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Article

Evidence of 200 TeV Photons from HAWC J1825-134

Publicated to:Astrophysical Journal Letters. 907 (2): L30- - 2021-02-01 907(2), DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abd77b

Authors: Albert, A.; Alfaro, R.; Alvarez, C.; Camacho, J. R. Angeles; Arteaga-Velazquez, J. C.; Arunbabu, K. P.; Rojas, D. Avila; Ayala Solares, H. A.; Baghmanyan, V.; Belmont-Moreno, E.; BenZvi, S. Y.; Brisbois, C.; Capistran, T.; Carraminana, A.; Casanova, S.; Cotti, U.; Cotzomi, J.; Fuente, E. De la; Hernandez, R. Diaz; Dingus, B. L.; DuVernois, M. A.; Durocher, M.; Diaz-Velez, J. C.; Engel, K.; Espinoza, C.; Fang, K.; Fleischhack, H.; Fraija, N.; Galvan-Gamez, A.; Garcia, D.; Garcia-Gonzalez, J. A.; Garfias, F.; Giacinti, G.; Gonzalez, M. M.; Goodman, J. A.; Harding, J. P.; Hona, B.; Huang, D.; Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F.; Huntemeyer, P.; Iriarte, A.; Jardin-Blicq, A.; Joshi, V.; Kunde, G. J.; Lara, A.; Lee, W. H.; Vargas, H. Leon; Linnemann, J. T.; Longinotti, A. L.; Luis-Raya, G.; Lundeen, J.; Malone, K.; Marandon, V.; Martinez, O.; Martinez-Castro, J.; Matthews, J. A.; Miranda-Romagnoli, P.; Moreno, E.; Mostafa, M.; Nayerhoda, A.; Nellen, L.; Newbold, M.; Nisa, M. U.; Noriega-Papaqui, R.; Omodei, N.; Peisker, A.; Araujo, Y. Perez; Perez-Perez, E. G.; Rho, C. D.; Rosa-Gonzalez, D.; Salazar, H.; Greus, F. Salesa; Sandoval, A.; Schneider, M.; Serna, F.; Springer, R. W.; Tollefson, K.; Torres, I.; Torres-Escobedo, R.; Urena-Mena, F.; Villasenor, L.; Willox, E.; Zhou, H.; de Leon, C.;

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Abstract

The Earth is bombarded by ultrarelativistic particles, known as cosmic rays (CRs). CRs with energies up to a few PeV (=10(15) eV), the knee in the particle spectrum, are believed to have a Galactic origin. One or more factories of PeV CRs, or PeVatrons, must thus be active within our Galaxy. The direct detection of PeV protons from their sources is not possible since they are deflected in the Galactic magnetic fields. Hundred TeV gamma-rays from decaying pi(0), produced when PeV CRs collide with the ambient gas, can provide the decisive evidence of proton acceleration up to the knee. Here we report the discovery by the High Altitude Water Cerenkov (HAWC) observatory of the gamma-ray source, HAWC J1825-134, whose energy spectrum extends well beyond 200 TeV without a break or cutoff. The source is found to be coincident with a giant molecular cloud. The ambient gas density is as high as 700 protons cm(-3). While the nature of this extreme accelerator remains unclear, CRs accelerated to energies of several PeV colliding with the ambient gas likely produce the observed radiation.

Keywords

AccelerationGalaxyGamma-ray astronomyGamma-ray observatoriesGamma-ray sourcesGamma-raysHess j1825-137Milky-wayNorthernRays

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position 8/69, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Astronomy & Astrophysics.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 18.39, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-01, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 10
  • Scopus: 48
  • OpenCitations: 39

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-01:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 17.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 17 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 125.44.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 25 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: China; Germany; Mexico; Poland; Republic of Korea; Thailand; United States of America.