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Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Analysis of institutional authors

Murillo A.m.m.AuthorMurillo, AmmAuthorHolgado BolaÑos, MiguelAuthorRamírez YAuthorGarrido-Arandia MAuthorGonzalez Valle, LuisAuthorHernández-Ramírez GAuthorTramarin, LucaAuthorHerreros PAuthorSantamaria BAuthorDiaz-Perales, ACorresponding AuthorHolgado MCorresponding Author

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July 16, 2021
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Developing an Optical Interferometric Detection Method based biosensor for detecting specific SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins in Serum and Saliva, and their corresponding ELISA correlation

Publicated to: SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL. 345 130394- - 2021-10-15 345(), DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130394

Authors:

Murillo, A M M; Tome-Amat, J; Ramirez, Y; Garrido-Arandia, M; Valle, L G; Hernandez-Ramirez, G; Tramarin, L; Herreros, P; Santamaria, B; Diaz-Perales, A; Holgado, M
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Affiliations

BioOpt Detect SL, Ctr Empresas, Campus Montegancedo, Madrid 28223, Spain - Author
BioOptical Detection - Author
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales - Author
Hosp Clin San Carlos, IdISSC, Hlth Res Inst, Grp Organ & Tissue On A Chip & In Vitro Detect, C Prof Martin Lagos S-N,4a Planta Sur, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Hospital Clinico San Carlos de Madrid - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Ctr Biomed Technol CTB, Parque Cient & Tecnol UPM, Campus Montegancedo, Madrid 28223, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Ctr Plant Biotechnol & Genom CBGP, Parque Cient & Tecnol UPM, Campus Montegancedo, Madrid 28223, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Dept Appl Phys & Mat Engn, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind, C Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain - Author
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Author
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Abstract

The standard rapid approach for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA. The detection of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins is crucial for screening people who have been exposed to the virus, whether or not they presented symptoms. Recent publications report different methods for the detection of specific IgGs, IgMs, and IgAs against SARS-CoV-2; these methods mainly detect immunoglobulins in the serum using conventional techniques such as rapid lateral flow tests or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this article, we report the production of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the development of a rapid, reliable, cost-effective test, capable of detecting immunoglobulins in serum and saliva samples. This method is based on interferometric optical detection. The results obtained using this method and those obtained using ELISA were compared. Owing to its low cost and simplicity, this test can be used periodically for the early detection, surveillance, detection of immunity, and control of the spread of COVID-19.
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Keywords

biosensingimmunoglobulinsinterferometric optical detection methodlabelplatformsalivasensorsserumspikeBiosensingGood health and well-beingImmunoglobulinsInterferometric optical detection methodPhotonic sensing cellsSalivaSars-cov-2Serum

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position 2/64, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Instruments & Instrumentation. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 2. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.87 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-05, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 30
  • Scopus: 32
  • Europe PMC: 3
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-05:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 73.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 73 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 3.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 5 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12530/84527
Continuing with the social impact of the work, it is important to emphasize that, due to its content, it can be assigned to the area of interest of ODS 3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, with a probability of 83% according to the mBERT algorithm developed by Aurora University.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (HOLGADO BOLAÑOS, MIGUEL) and Last Author (HOLGADO ORTIZ, Mª DEL PILAR).

the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been DIAZ PERALES, ARACELI and HOLGADO ORTIZ, Mª DEL PILAR.

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Project objectives

Los objetivos perseguidos en esta aportación se centran en el desarrollo y evaluación de un método innovador para la detección de inmunoglobulinas específicas contra SARS-CoV-2. Se busca: analizar la producción de la proteína recombinante de la espícula del SARS-CoV-2; desarrollar un biosensor basado en detección interferométrica óptica para identificar inmunoglobulinas en suero y saliva; comparar los resultados obtenidos con esta técnica frente a los de ELISA; evaluar la rapidez, fiabilidad y coste del nuevo método; y determinar su aplicabilidad para la detección temprana, vigilancia y control de la inmunidad frente a COVID-19.
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Most relevant results

El estudio presenta el desarrollo de un biosensor basado en detección interferométrica óptica para la identificación rápida y fiable de inmunoglobulinas específicas contra SARS-CoV-2 en suero y saliva. Los resultados más relevantes incluyen: la producción exitosa de proteína recombinante de la espícula de SARS-CoV-2; la capacidad del biosensor para detectar inmunoglobulinas IgG, IgM e IgA en muestras de suero y saliva; la correlación positiva observada entre los resultados del biosensor y los obtenidos mediante ELISA; la demostración de que el método es de bajo costo y sencillo; y la potencial aplicación del test para detección temprana, vigilancia y control de la propagación de COVID-19.
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