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Navacerrada, MaCorresponding AuthorBarbero-Barrera, MmAuthorDe La Prida, DAuthor

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February 2, 2022
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Application of acoustic impedance gun to non-destructively monitor stone damage

Publicated to:Construction And Building Materials. 323 126510- - 2022-01-24 323(), DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126510

Authors: Navacerrada, M A; Barbero-Barrera, M M; Fort, R; de la Prida, D; Nunlez, J C; Gomez, T S

Affiliations

Inst Geociencias CSIC UCM, Calle Doctor Severo Ochoa 7, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Arquitectura, Dept Construcc & Tecnol Arquitecton, Avda Juan de Herrera 4, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Arquitectura, Grp Acust Arquitecton, Avda Juan de Herrera 4, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Univ Pontifica Bolivariana, Univ Nacl Colombia, Circular 1 70-01, Medellin 050031, Colombia - Author

Abstract

Conserving historical heritage sites is fundamental for preserving cultural identity. Effective interventions require building damage to be pre-detected. Because stone masonry is one of the most globally prevalent building techniques, diagnosing building deterioration is pivotal for conserving heritage sites. Non-destructive tests (NDTs) provide necessary conservation information and characterise original materials and building techniques without damaging buildings. Recently, NDTs including infrared thermography imaging, p-wave velocity, and electrical resistivity tomography have developed and evaluated for assessing building deterioration. This research investigated the application of a pressure/particle-velocity impedance gun as an NDT to detect building damage. The impedance gun supports the detection of lesions on stone surfaces according to variations in the sound absorption coefficient. Although commonly applied to acoustical measurements, the impedance gun could also be useful to detect stone alterations including (inter alia) flaking, alveolisation, rounding, fissuring, and efflorescence damage. Impedance gun measurements in the laboratory and in situ are discussed for both in-situ sound absorption and Scan and Paint operating modes wherein the stone surface scanning was filmed. Surface edges or lesions exhibiting material loss appeared as areas exhibiting the maximum sound absorption in the images. Dirt or salt layers, which altered the stone surface porosity, varied sound absorption coefficients more than the baseline coefficients of pathology-free stones. The impedance gun measured large areas rapidly and easily under various non-extreme environmental conditions and did not interfere with building functioning. In-situ measurements with some non-destructive techniques involve setting up a grid system on |building stones and determining the measurement points. Therefore, the impedance gun can be used to initially assess building surface conditions and identify which areas should be studied in more detail. The research findings suggested that the impedance gun could be applied as a complementary NDT for evaluating damage to cultural heritage sites.

Keywords

absorption coefficientbuilding pathologycultural-heritagediffractionparticle-velocity probepressurestone materialsurfaceAbsorption coefficientAbsorption-coefficientBuilding pathologyHeritage sitePressure/particle-velocity probeStone material

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Construction And Building Materials due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position 6/139, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Engineering, Civil. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 2.28, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-10, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 7
  • Scopus: 7
  • Google Scholar: 6

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-10:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 19.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 31 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 4.55.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 7 (Altmetric).

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Colombia.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (NAVACERRADA SATURIO, M. DE LOS ANGELES) .

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been NAVACERRADA SATURIO, M. DE LOS ANGELES.