February 7, 2022
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Article

Hybrid frequency control strategies based on hydro-power, wind, and energy storage systems: Application to 100% renewable scenarios

Publicated to: IET Renewable Power Generation. 16 (6): 1107-1120 - 2022-04-01 16(6), DOI: 10.1049/rpg2.12326

Authors:

Sarasua, JI; Martínez-Lucas, G; García-Pereira, H; Navarro-Soriano, G; Molina-García, A; Fernández-Guillamón, A
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Affiliations

CIEMAT, Spanish Natl Res Ctr Energy Environm & Technol, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Cartagena, Dept Automat Elect Engn & Elect Technol, Cartagena 30202, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Dept Hydraul Energy & Environm Engn, Madrid, Spain - Author
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Abstract

Over the last two decades, variable-speed wind turbines (VSWTs) have gradually replaced conventional generation. However, the variable and stochastic nature of wind speed may lead to large frequency deviations, especially in isolated power systems with high wind energy integration, where this integration causes a lack of inertia. This paper proposes a hybrid hydro-wind-flywheel frequency control strategy for isolated power systems with 100% renewable energy generation, considering both variable wind and a generator tripping. VSWTs and flywheels include a conventional inertial frequency control. The frequency control strategy involves VSWTs rotational speed and State of Charge (SOC) of flywheels variations that may affect the wear and tear of mechanical elements and reduce the efficiency of the frequency control action. The hydro-power controller also tracks the VSWTs' rotational speed deviation and the flywheel SOC to modify the generated power accordingly. This hybrid frequency strategy significantly reduces frequency excursions, the rotational speed deviations of VSWTs and the SOC of flywheels. To reduce the hydro-power plants' wear, an additional control strategy is proposed by the authors and evaluated. Results from a case study based on an isolated power system located in El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) are included, and extensively discussed in the paper.
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Keywords

GenerationInertiaModelPlantPower-systemsSchemeSpeedStability enhancementWear

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal IET Renewable Power Generation due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q3 for the agency WoS (JCR) in the category Engineering, Electrical & Electronic.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.05. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.28 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-25, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 17
  • Scopus: 24
  • Google Scholar: 10
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-25:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 39 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/87495/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 158
  • Downloads: 87
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (SARASUA MORENO, JOSE IGNACIO) and Last Author (FERNANDEZ GUILLAMON, ANA).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Molina-Garcia, A.

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Awards linked to the item

The work presented in this paper was partially funded by the 'Consejeria de Ciencia, Universidad e Innovacion' of Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) under the project 'Sizing and control of flywheel energy storage power plants in isolated power systems with high renewable penetration' of the 'Convenio plurianual entre la Comunidad de Madrid y la Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Ref. APOYO-JOVENES-SU3JLM-61-6XFZ49)'. The work was also partially supported by the Council of Communities of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain (Ref. SBPLY/19/180501/000287) and the European Union FEDER. In addition, PhD Ana Fernandez-Guillamon would like to thank Spanish SEPE (Spanish National Unemployment System) for its funding support.
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