July 11, 2022
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Article

A New Immersive Virtual Reality Station for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Objective Structured Clinical Exam Evaluation

Publicated to: SENSORS. 22 (13): 4913- - 2022-07-01 22(13), DOI: 10.3390/s22134913

Authors:

Rodriguez-Matesanz, Manuel; Guzman-Garcia, Carmen; Oropesa, Ignacio; Rubio-Bolivar, Javier; Quintana-Diaz, Manuel; Sanchez-Gonzalez, Patricia
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Affiliations

Grupo de Bioingeniería y Telemedicina. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Author
Hosp Univ La Paz Madrid, Madrid 28046, Spain - Author
Hospital Universitario La Paz - Author
Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid - Author
Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Invest Biomed Red Bioingn Biomat & Nanomed, Madrid 28029, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Biomed Engn & Telemed Ctr, Ctr Biomed Technol, ETSI Telecomunicac, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Author
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Instituto de Salud Carlos III - Author
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Abstract

The Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) is an assessment tool used as a reliable method for clinical competence evaluation of students. This paper presents an investigation focused on the chain of survival, its related exploration, management, and technical skills, and how Virtual Reality (VR) can be used for the creation of immersive environments capable of evaluating students’ performance while applying the correct protocols. In particular, the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) procedure is studied as an essential step in the development of the chain of survival. The paper also aims to highlight the limitations of traditional methods using mechanical mannequins and the benefits of the new approaches that involve the students in virtual, immersive, and dynamic environments. Furthermore, an immersive VR station is presented as a new technique for assessing CPR performance through objective data collection and posterior evaluation. A usability test was carried out with 33 clinicians and OSCE evaluators to test the viability of the presented scenario, reproducing conditions of a real examination. Results suggest that the environment is intuitive, quick, and easy to learn and could be used in clinical practice to improve CPR performance and OSCE evaluation.
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Keywords

cardiopulmonary resuscitationchain of survivalguidelinesobjective structured clinical examoscesurgical simulationBasic life-supportCardiopulmonary resuscitationChain of survivalClinical competenceHumansLearningManikinsObjective structured clinical examOsceSurgical simulationVirtual reality

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal SENSORS due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Instrumentation.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.22. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.04 (source consulted: FECYT Mar 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-25, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 12
  • Scopus: 13
  • Europe PMC: 3
  • Google Scholar: 5
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-25:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 53.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 53 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 2.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 3 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/93100/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 25
  • Downloads: 8
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Rodriguez Matesanz, Manuel) and Last Author (SANCHEZ GONZALEZ, PATRICIA).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been SANCHEZ GONZALEZ, PATRICIA.

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