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The first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Spain was associated with early introductions and fast spread of a dominating genetic variant

Publicat a:Nature Genetics. 53 (10): 1405-1414 - 2021-10-01 53(10), DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00936-6

Autors: López MG; Chiner-Oms Á; García de Viedma D; Ruiz-Rodriguez P; Bracho MA; Cancino-Muñoz I; D’Auria G; de Marco G; García-González N; Goig GA; Gómez-Navarro I; Jiménez-Serrano S; Martinez-Priego L; Ruiz-Hueso P; Ruiz-Roldán L; Torres-Puente M; Alberola J; Albert E; Aranzamendi Zaldumbide M; Bea-Escudero MP; Boga JA; Bordoy AE; Canut-Blasco A; Carvajal A; Cilla Eguiluz G; Cordón Rodríguez ML; Costa-Alcalde JJ; de Toro M; de Toro Peinado I; del Pozo JL; Duchêne S; Fernández-Pinero J; Fuster Escrivá B; Gimeno Cardona C; González Galán V; Gonzalo Jiménez N; Hernáez Crespo S; Herranz M; Lepe JA; López-Causapé C; López-Hontangas JL; Martín V; Martró E; Milagro Beamonte A; Montes Ros M; Moreno-Muñoz R; Navarro D; Navarro-Marí JM; Not A; Oliver A; Palop-Borrás B; Parra Grande M; Pedrosa-Corral I; Pérez González MC; Pérez-Lago L; Pérez-Ruiz M; Piñeiro Vázquez L; Rabella N; Rezusta A; Robles Fonseca L; Rodríguez-Villodres Á; Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S; Sicilia J; Soriano A; Tirado Balaguer MD; Torres I; Tristancho A; Marimón JM; Pérez-Tur J; García de Viedma D; Catalán-Alonso P; Suárez González J; Muñoz P; Galán-Vendrell I; Ferrús-Abad ML; Carbó-Ramírez S; Nogueira JM; Camarena JJ; Martínez Expósito Ó; Antona Urieta N; Castelló-Abietar C; Rojo-Alba S; Álvarez-Argüelles ME; Melón S; Antuori A; Fernández-Navarro A; Lecaroz Agara MC; Gómez-González C; Aguirre-Quiñonero A; López-Mirones JI; Fernández-Torres M; Almela-Ferrer MR; Fregeneda-Grandes JM; Argüello H

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Resum

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the world radically since 2020. Spain was one of the European countries with the highest incidence during the first wave. As a part of a consortium to monitor and study the evolution of the epidemic, we sequenced 2,170 samples, diagnosed mostly before lockdown measures. Here, we identified at least 500 introductions from multiple international sources and documented the early rise of two dominant Spanish epidemic clades (SECs), probably amplified by superspreading events. Both SECs were related closely to the initial Asian variants of SARS-CoV-2 and spread widely across Spain. We inferred a substantial reduction in the effective reproductive number of both SECs due to public-health interventions (Re < 1), also reflected in the replacement of SECs by a new variant over the summer of 2020. In summary, we reveal a notable difference in the initial genetic makeup of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain compared with other European countries and show evidence to support the effectiveness of lockdown measures in controlling virus spread, even for the most successful genetic variants.

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