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Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Analysis of institutional authors

Liboreiro P.r.Author

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March 2, 2025
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Multi-factor, multi-country testing of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem without factor price equalization: A critical view

Publicated to: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 73 354-367 - 2025-06-01 73(), DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2025.02.002

Authors:

Liboreiro, PR
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Affiliations

Tech Univ Madrid, Sch Civil Engn, 3 Prof Aranguren St, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author

Abstract

Several recent empirical studies conclude that there is evidence in favour of a version of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem that dispenses with the assumption of factor price equalization. However, many of these studies base their conclusions on small data sets, relating to one or two factors and a not very high level of disaggregation by industry. Moreover, the studies do not always take into account international differences in factor efficiency. In the present study, the Heckscher-Ohlin model is tested by considering data available in the World Input-Output Database (2016 release) for 7 factors, 56 industries and 40 countries plus a composite 'country' comprising the rest of the world, and by measuring factor use in efficiency units. Analysing this data sample, it is found that the capital and skill content of trade is only weakly correlated with countries' factor abundance. This correlation is weaker when international differences in factor use are adjusted for relative factor efficiency and when the level of industry disaggregation increases. Paradoxically, this is not the case for the energy and emissions content of trade.
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Keywords

Factor content of tradeFactor price equalizatioFactor price equalizationFactor proportionsFactor-endowmentsHeckscher-ohlin-vanek theoremInternational-tradeLeontieReduced inequalitiesWorld input-output tables

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Structural Change and Economic Dynamics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 43/620, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Economics. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2026-04-24:

  • Google Scholar: 1
  • WoS: 1
  • Scopus: 1
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-24:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 12.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 12 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 3.
  • The number of mentions on Wikipedia: 2 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/90476/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 81
  • Downloads: 35
Continuing with the social impact of the work, it is important to emphasize that, due to its content, it can be assigned to the area of interest of ODS 10 - Reduce inequality within and among countries, with a probability of 44% according to the mBERT algorithm developed by Aurora University.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (RODRIGUEZ LIBOREIRO, PABLO) .

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Project objectives

La aportación persigue los siguientes objetivos: analizar la validez del teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin sin asumir la igualación de precios de factores; evaluar el impacto del uso de datos amplios y desagregados, concretamente 7 factores, 56 industrias y 40 países más un agregado mundial, en la prueba del modelo; considerar las diferencias internacionales en la eficiencia de los factores mediante unidades de eficiencia; determinar la correlación entre el contenido de capital y habilidades en el comercio y la abundancia relativa de factores; y examinar cómo esta correlación varía al ajustar por eficiencia relativa y al aumentar la desagregación industrial, prestando especial atención al caso particular del contenido energético y de emisiones en el comercio.
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Most relevant results

El estudio examina empíricamente el teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin sin la igualdad de precios de factores utilizando datos amplios y desagregados. Los resultados principales son: 1) se analizaron 7 factores, 56 industrias y 40 países más un agregado global, con datos de la World Input-Output Database (2016); 2) la correlación entre el contenido de capital y habilidades en el comercio y la abundancia factorial de los países es débil; 3) esta correlación disminuye aún más al ajustar por eficiencia relativa de los factores y al aumentar la desagregación industrial; 4) en contraste, la correlación para el contenido energético y de emisiones en el comercio no se debilita bajo estas condiciones.
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